http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2004-165/pdfs/2004-165.pdf
CONDITIONS FOR EXPOSURE
Both clinical and nonclinical workers may be exposed to hazardous drugs when they create aerosols, generate dust, clean up spills, or touch contaminated surfaces during the preparation, administration, or disposal of hazardous drugs. The following list of activities may result in exposures through inhalation, skin contact, ingestion, or injection:
Reconstituting powdered or lyophilized drugs and further diluting either the reconstituted powder or concentrated liquid forms of hazardous drugs [Fransman et al. 2004]
Expelling air from syringes filled with hazardous drugs
Administering hazardous drugs by intramuscular, subcutaneous, or intravenous
(IV) routes
Counting out individual, uncoated oral doses and tablets from multidose bottles
Unit-dosing uncoated tablets in a unit-dose machine
Crushing tablets to make oral liquid doses [Dorr and Alberts 1992; Shahsavarani et al. 1993; Harrison and Schultz 2000]
Compounding potent powders into custom-dosage capsules
Contacting measurable concentrations of drugs present on drug vial exteriors, work surfaces, floors, and final drug products (bottles, bags, cassettes, and syringes) [McDevitt et al. 1993; Sessink et al. 1992a,b, 1994b; Minoia et al. 1998; Connor et al. 1999, 2002; Schmaus et al. 2002]
Generating aerosols during the administration of drugs, either by direct IV push or by IV infusion
Priming the IV set with a drug-containing solution at the patient bedside (this procedure should be done in the pharmacy)
Handling body fluids or body-fluid-contaminated clothing, dressings, linens, and other materials [Cass and Musgrave 1992; Kromhout et al. 2000]
Handling contaminated wastes generated at any step of the preparation or administration process
Performing certain specialized procedures (such as intraoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy) in the operating room [White et al. 1996; Stuart et al. 2002
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